Marconi and Salt: Part 2
In the first article we configured salt-master and created a Cloud Server. In this article we will start building up the Marconi environment and while doing so shape what our salt configuration will look like.
We have two goals in mind. First, we have to be capable of creating several Marconi environments with little effort. As an example, we should have servers under dev, test and production environments managed under one configuration. Taking it a step further, we may have these in different locations. So having the ability to managing multiple environments is essential. Second, we will try to build generic configurations (SLS Formulas) that we can use for different projects. For example, we could have a generic firewall formula that will set proper iptables rules on Linux servers based on the role and environment they are in.
##Setup Environments
We will start with setting up environments for Marconi by editing the /etc/salt/master configuration file which is read by the salt-master process during the initialization. Open the file and search for file_roots:
root@salt01:~# emacs /etc/salt/master
...
# Example:
# file_roots:
# base:
# - /srv/salt/
# dev:
# - /srv/salt/dev/services
# - /srv/salt/dev/states
# prod:
# - /srv/salt/prod/services
# - /srv/salt/prod/states
...
The three periods are just to indicate that I clipped the file.
As in the file above, Salt uses YAML by default to format several files. Here, you can find more information on YAML.
These directories indicate where state files are located for each environment. States are stored in text files on the master and transferred to the minions via the master’s file server. We will change this section as seen below:
root@salt01:~# emacs /etc/salt/master
...
file_roots:
base:
- /srv/salt/base
marconi-base:
- /srv/salt/marconi/base
marconi-preview-ord:
- /srv/salt/marconi/preview-ord
- /srv/salt/marconi/base
...
Above we defined three environments. The first is the base environment, which is the default. If no environment is specified, the base environment will be used. The second line after base indicates where the files are located for the base environment. So, by looking at the configuration above, we know that they are under /srv/salt/base. Here, all we do is define a root directory for a file server that salt-master will serve. Environment name and directory location is matched by Salt. When you refer to the base environment, Salt will serve the files from the /srv/salt/base directory. It is that simple. salt-master is a fast file server, powered by ZeroMQ.
The second environment is marconi-base. Here we will have all Marconi-related configuration files.
The third environment is marconi-preview-ord. I decided to name the environments that are not base for others as project-environment-location. Marconi is the project, preview is the environment and ORD (Chicago) is the location of the data center where we will provision our cloud servers. Similarly, for production environment in Sydney it could be marconi-prod-syd.
In marconi-preview-ord we have two directory definitions. salt-master supports directory overlay, which means a file is searched in the first directory and if it is not found it is searched in the second one. There can be more than two directories and prioritization is done in the order they are listed. This is an essential feature as we will use it to create new environments by only maintaining the files that have to be different in each environment and using everything else from the marconi-base environment.
Apart from states, Salt has an interface called “pillar.” The pillar interface is one of the most important components of a Salt deployment. pillar is the interface used to generate arbitrary data for specific minions. The data generated in pillar is made available to almost every component of Salt and is used for a number of purposes like highly sensitive data, minion configurations, variables and arbitrary data. For more on pillar see docs.saltstack.org.
We need to change the pillar configuration for Marconi as well. On the same file /etc/salt/master, this time search for pillar_roots and change it as seen below:
root@salt01:~# emacs /etc/salt/master
...
pillar_roots:
base:
- /srv/salt/base/pillar
marconi-base:
- /srv/salt/marconi/base/pillar
marconi-preview-ord:
- /srv/salt/marconi/preview-ord/pillar
- /srv/salt/marconi/base/pillar
...
After doing so, we need to restart salt-master.
root@salt01:~# service salt-master restart
salt-master stop/waiting
salt-master start/running, process 26433
From now on, salt-master will look in the directories we indicated.
##Create Marconi Web Server
Marconi uses uWSGI and has several dependencies. Configuring a web server means installing all required packages, putting configuration files in place and starting services. Let’s create our first Marconi web server with salt-cloud. I will use the definitions we mentioned in the first article.
root@salt01:~# salt-cloud -p marconi-test-1GB marconi-pre-web-01
... a few pages of logs..
[INFO ] Salt installed on marconi-pre-web-01
[INFO ] Created Cloud VM 'marconi-pre-web-01'
marconi-pre-web-01:
----------
_uuid:
None
driver:
extra:
----------
created:
2013-06-19T14:58:51Z
flavorId:
3
hostId:
imageId:
b3ed73ef-b922-4b61-bb4d-472bb52e6326
key_name:
None
metadata:
----------
password:
k3j67iiWJHEd
tenantId:
806067
updated:
2013-06-19T14:58:54Z
uri:
https://ord.servers.api.rackspacecloud.com/v2/806067/servers/8473b61a-fa99-4385-b86e-b6fd891a997a
id:
8473b61a-fa99-4385-b86e-b6fd891a997a
image:
None
name:
marconi-pre-web-01
private_ips:
- 10.178.192.108
public_ips:
- 162.209.50.219
- 2001:4801:7820:0076:53f3:b724:ff10:c4c8
size:
None
state:
3
The server is ready. Let’s ping.
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 test.ping
marconi-pre-web-01:
True
##Set Grains
We can identify which server to ping by server ID. Even better, we can identify a server by the project, environment and location information so we can match the servers with the environments defined in Salt. We will use grains for this.
Grains are static bits of information about the server populated when the minion first starts. There is a good amount of information about the server initially and we can query this as shown below:
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 grains.items
marconi-pre-web-01:
cpu_flags: fpu de tsc msr pae cx8 cmov pat clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt lm up rep_good nopl pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 sse4_1 sse4_2 popcnt aes f16c hypervisor lahf_lm cmp_legacy extapic cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch xop fma4 tce tbm perfctr_core arat cpb hw_pstate
cpu_model: AMD Opteron(tm) Processor 4332 HE
cpuarch: x86_64
defaultencoding: None
defaultlanguage: None
domain:
fqdn: marconi-pre-web-01
gpus:
host: marconi-pre-web-01
id: marconi-pre-web-01
ipv4:
10.178.192.108
127.0.0.1
162.209.50.219
kernel: Linux
kernelrelease: 3.5.0-31-generic
localhost: marconi-pre-web-01
lsb_codename: quantal
lsb_description: Ubuntu 12.10
lsb_id: Ubuntu
lsb_release: 12.10
master: 162.209.15.12
mem_total: 991
nodename: marconi-pre-web-01
num_cpus: 1
num_gpus: 0
os: Ubuntu
os_family: Debian
oscodename: quantal
osfullname: Ubuntu
osrelease: 12.10
path: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/bin
ps: ps -efH
pythonpath:
/usr/bin
/usr/lib/python2.7
/usr/lib/python2.7/plat-linux2
/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-tk
/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-old
/usr/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages
/usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7
pythonversion: 2.7.3.final.0
saltpath: /usr/lib/pymodules/python2.7/salt
saltversion: 0.15.3
server_id: 263703182
shell: /bin/sh
virtual: xen
virtual_subtype: Xen PV DomU
Let’s add project, environment and location grains.
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 grains.setval project marconi
marconi-pre-web-01:
project: marconi
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 grains.setval environment preview
marconi-pre-web-01:
environment: preview
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 grains.setval location ord
marconi-pre-web-01:
location: ord
Let’s see if grains are set properly.
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 grains.item project environment location
marconi-pre-web-01:
environment: preview
location: ord
project: marconi
Now, we can query our server for the project Marconi that is in preview in ord data center.
root@salt01:~# salt -C "G@project:marconi and G@environment:preview and G@location:ord" test.ping
marconi-pre-web-01:
True
For more about targeting with grains you can check this page.
##Setup Roles
Salt doesn’t define a role by default. Still, it is pretty easy to use grains as a way of defining roles. I think of a role as a set of packages (and related configuration files) that can be installed on a server independent of other roles and packages. A server can both serve a web site and a database so it can have both Apache and MySQL installed. In this case, we could say, this server has web_server and database roles. Or we could go further and define roles like apache_server, mysql_server, postgre_server, ftp_server etc. I tend not to have a role defined at single package level if its configuration is specific to the project or is affected by other services in the environment.
The Marconi web server is going to have a set of packages that defines only a web server for the Marconi project. We won’t be trying to make it generic; instead this is the web_server role only for Marconi. As a good start, let’s set roles in grain for our web server.
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 grains.setval roles ['web_server']
marconi-pre-web-01:
roles:
web_server
Since a server may have multiple roles, we defined roles as an array.
##Salt States (SLS)
Salt uses state files to define which state a server should be in. There are several state modules already present in Salt. These modules let you install packages, modify hosts file, change IP addresses, manage cron jobs, mount file systems and several perform several other functions. You can find a complete list of built-in state modules here.
##First SLS Example: Install NTP
We will start with installing the NTP service on the web server. We will create this file (SLS Formula) under file server root for marconi-base.
root@salt01:~# mkdir -p /srv/salt/marconi/base
root@salt01:~# touch /srv/salt/marconi/base/ntp.sls
Content of the file will be like below:
root@salt01:~# emacs /srv/salt/marconi/base/ntp.sls
ntp-package:
pkg:
- name: ntp
- installed
In the ntp.sls file above, the first line is free text. The second, indented line, indicates which Salt state module to call with the parameters that are provided in the file. Here Salt will call the pkg module, which then will call the proper package management tool to install the package indicated in the line that has name: ntp. The last line means that this package is going to be installed. (More about pkg state module can be found here). Instead of installed, we could write “removed” and Salt would ensure that package is removed from the server.
A shorter version of the ntp.sls file is below:
ntp:
pkg.installed
Now, we will run this state for our server.
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 state.sls ntp
marconi-pre-web-01:
Data failed to compile:
----------
No matching sls found for 'ntp' in env 'base'
First about the output: As we didn’t provide marconi-preview-ord as environment, Salt looked for base environment that is configured to be under /srv/salt/base. Obviously, there is no ntp.sls file there.
Salt is a command line tool that talks to salt-master to take actions. The first parameter above is the name of the server. The second parameter (state.sls) indicates that Salt will call the sls function of the state module. The last parameter tells the sls function which state module to run. In our example it is the ntp formula that we created.
Let’s run the same command with the correct environment.
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 state.sls ntp marconi-preview-ord
marconi-pre-web-01:
----------
State: - pkg
Name: ntp
Function: installed
Result: True
Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: ntp.
Changes: libcap2: { new : 1:2.22-1ubuntu4
old :
}
ntp: { new : 1:4.2.6.p3+dfsg-1ubuntu5
old :
}
libopts25: { new : 1:5.12-0.1ubuntu2
old :
}
When we create a module, we have two options. We can create it as a single file, like we did, so it will look like:
/srv/salt/marconi/base/ntp.sls
Or we can create a directory named sls and create a file named init.sls in it, which will look like:
/srv/salt/marconi/base/ntp/init.sls
The commands below behave exactly the same way:
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 state.sls ntp marconi-preview-ord
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 state.sls ntp.init marconi-preview-ord
Soon we will see when it makes sense to create a directory and place sls files but before, let’s ensure ntp is running as a service. So edit ntp.sls as below:
ntp-package:
pkg:
- name: ntp
- installed
ntp-service:
service:
- name: ntp
- running
- enable: True
- require:
- pkg: ntp-package
Here under ntp-service we used the state module named service. At the very end you can see that it required ntp-package to be installed. If we haven’t used a name parameter and tried to do something below, Salt would fail to find the proper requirement because both the package and service would have the same name.
ntp:
pkg.installed
ntp:
service:
- running
- enable: True
- require:
- pkg: ntp
Actually, there is much better way to achieve the same goal. Check the code below, where we use pkg and service state modules under the same definition.
ntp:
pkg:
- installed
service:
- running
- enable: True
- require:
- pkg: ntp
Let’s run ntp state again
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 state.sls ntp marconi-preview-ord
marconi-pre-web-01:
----------
State: - pkg
Name: ntp
Function: installed
Result: True
Comment: Package ntp is already installed
Changes:
----------
State: - service
Name: ntp
Function: running
Result: True
Comment: Service ntp is already enabled, and is in the desired state
Changes:
Let’s verify it ntp is really running by running an actual Linux command
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 cmd.run 'ps -fe|grep ntpd'
marconi-pre-web-01:
ntp 7450 1 0 16:02 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/ntpd -p /var/run/ntpd.pid -g -u 106:113
##Second SLS Example: Passwordless SSH from Master to Minions
It is convenient to have passwordless SSH from master to minions during the development phases. You can login to the server after it is created, check the configuration files to be sure they are created as planned, etc. As this configuration has no dependencies, we will place it under base environment and thereafter will use it on any server. Considering that there might be other configurations or packages we want to install by default, we will create a directory named “common” and place related sls files under it.
root@salt01:~# mkdir /srv/salt/base/common
Create ssh_auth.sls file:
root@salt01:~# touch /srv/salt/base/common/ssh_auth.sls
Content of the file will look like:
salt-master:
ssh_auth:
- present
- user: root
- source: salt://common/files/salt-master.id_rsa.pub
Here we use the ssh_auth state module and provide salt-master.id_rsa.pub as the source file, which has the public key for the root user. salt:// is a file server that has environments root directory as the root directory so we can think of it as:
salt://common/files/salt-master.id_rsa.pub => /srv/salt/base/common/files/salt-master.id_rsa.pub
This means we need to create the files directory and place id_rsa file there.
root@salt01:~# mkdir /srv/salt/base/common/files
root@salt01:~# cp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub /srv/salt/base/common/files/salt-master.id_rsa.pub
Now, let’s run this SLS formula without providing the environment so Salt will use base as the environment.
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 state.sls common.ssh_auth
marconi-pre-web-01:
----------
State: - ssh_auth
Name: salt-master
Function: present
Result: True
Comment: The authorized host key salt-master for user root was added
Changes: salt-master: New
Let’s find the IP address of marconi-pre-web-01 and connect to see if it worked.
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 network.ip_addrs eth1
marconi-pre-web-01:
- 10.178.192.108
root@salt01:~# ssh 10.178.192.108
The authenticity of host '10.178.192.108 (10.171.191.101)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is 88:r6:e1:dd:14:51:4b:bb:51:21:2b:aa:42:21:c9:bd.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '10.178.192.108' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
Welcome to Ubuntu 12.10 (GNU/Linux 3.5.0-31-generic x86_64)
Last login: Wed Jun 19 22:07:13 2013 from 161.109.115.12
root@marconi-pre-web-01:~#
A better way to run all SLS files under a common directory is by creating an init.sls file that includes all other sls files under the directory. In a way “common” is the name of the module and all other files are the functions of the common module. init is the one that is called by default.
root@salt01:~# touch /srv/salt/base/common/init.sls
Content of the file:
include:
- common.ssh_auth
Let’s run our common SLS formula without calling the function, so Salt will use init (common.init) by default.
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 state.sls common
marconi-pre-web-01:
----------
State: - ssh_auth
Name: salt-master
Function: present
Result: True
Comment: The authorized host key salt-master is already present for user root
Changes:
##Salt State Layers
The Salt state system has several layers that are described in detail here. Within the scope of this article, we are interested in SLS, highstate and overstate layers. The SLS layer is what we executed in the previous example. It will run a set of SLS files. It is practical to use while developing new SLS modules.
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 state.sls ntp marconi-preview-ord
The highstate layer is used when one or many servers needs to be in a desired state, where we will probably have several different SLS files in action. (It will make more sense later when we reach to a complexity that can demonstrate the need for highstate.) For now just check the command below:
root@salt01:~# salt '*' state.highstate
To be able to run highstate in our environment we need to have top.sls file.
##top.sls and highstate
You may want to have a look at these pages about top.sls and highstate before moving on. These are important concepts and must be understood well.
There are two top.sls files that Salt looks for. These have to be in base environment. In other words, they have to be under the directories we configured for base environment in /etc/salt/master under files_roots and pillar_roots sections.
Salt checks top.sls to figure out which configuration files apply to which environments. Let’s configure these for base and marconi-preview-ord environments.
Create top.sls for states:
root@salt01:~# touch /srv/salt/base/top.sls
With this content:
root@salt01:~# emacs /srv/salt/base/top.sls
base:
'*':
- common
marconi-preview-ord:
'G@project:marconi and G@environment:preview and G@location:ord':
- match: compound
- ntp
Create top.sls for pillar:
root@salt01:~# touch /srv/salt/base/pillar/top.sls
With this content:
root@salt01:~# emacs /srv/salt/base/pillar/top.sls
base:
'*':
- common
marconi-preview-ord:
'G@project:marconi and G@environment:preview and G@location:ord':
- match: compound
- environment
At this point, we have /srv/salt/marconi/base/ntp.sls and /srv/salt/base/common/init.sls but not /srv/salt/base/pillar/environment.sls and /srv/salt/marconi/base/pillar/environment.sls files. It won’t be a problem to run highstate without pillar files. We will create these files later, but for now let’s run highstate.
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 state.highstate
marconi-pre-web-01:
----------
State: - pkg
Name: ntp
Function: installed
Result: True
Comment: Package ntp is already installed
Changes:
----------
State: - service
Name: ntp
Function: running
Result: True
Comment: Service ntp is already enabled, and is in the desired state
Changes:
----------
State: - ssh_auth
Name: salt-master
Function: present
Result: True
Comment: The authorized host key salt-master is already present for user root
When we run the state.highstate function, Salt reads top.sls file under the base environment. For each environment listed in the top.sls file, it checks if the minion that is to execute the state tree matches the target. In our top.sls file, the first environment is the base environment:
base:
'*':
- common
Here any minion ID that matches ‘’ glob is going to execute common module. Our server marconi-pre-web-01 matches ‘’ (like any ID would) so we see that ssh_auth (common.ssh_auth) is executed. The second environment in top.sls is marconi-preview-ord:
marconi-preview-ord:
'G@project:marconi and G@environment:preview and G@location:ord':
- match: compound
- ntp
Here we used a compound matcher. Because of the grains we set earlier, marconi-pre-web-01 matches this compound matcher and eventually runs the ntp module which installs the ntp package and starts the ntp service.
There is one important note here: remember file_roots configuration for marconi-preview-ord environment:
marconi-preview-ord:
- /srv/salt/marconi/preview-ord
- /srv/salt/marconi/base
We created ntp.sls under /srv/salt/marconi/base directory. So salt-master initially looked for ntp.sls file in the /srv/salt/marconi/preview-ord directory and couldn’t find it there. Then it found the file under base and executed the contents. This is called an overlay mechanism, and we will use it for all environments.
##Wrapping Up Base Formulas
In the base environment we will have two more packages and the configuration looks like this:
root@salt01:~# emacs /srv/salt/base/common/packages.sls
emacs:
pkg:
- installed
screen:
pkg:
- installed
/root/.emacs:
file:
- managed
- source: salt://common/files/emacs.config
- require:
- pkg: emacs
Create emacs configuration file:
root@salt01:~# emacs /srv/salt/base/common/files/emacs.config
(setq backup-directory-alist
`((".*" . ,temporary-file-directory)))
(setq auto-save-file-name-transforms
`((".*" ,temporary-file-directory t)))
(setq-default indent-tabs-mode nil)
(setq-default tab-width 4)
(setq indent-line-function 'insert-tab)
Modify init.sls under the common directory:
root@salt01:~# emacs /srv/salt/base/common/init.sls
include:
- common.ssh_auth
- common.packages
Let’s run highstate again:
root@salt01:~# salt marconi-pre-web-01 state.highstate
marconi-pre-web-01:
----------
State: - pkg
Name: emacs
Function: installed
Result: True
Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: emacs.
Changes: mail-reader: { new : 1
old :
}
...
libfontconfig1: { new : 2.10.1-0ubuntu3
old :
}
----------
State: - file
Name: /root/.emacs
Function: managed
Result: True
Comment: File /root/.emacs updated
Changes: diff: New file
----------
State: - pkg
Name: ntp
Function: installed
Result: True
Comment: Package ntp is already installed
Changes:
----------
State: - pkg
Name: screen
Function: installed
Result: True
Comment: Package screen is already installed
Changes:
----------
State: - service
Name: ntp
Function: running
Result: True
Comment: Service ntp is already enabled, and is in the desired state
Changes:
----------
State: - ssh_auth
Name: salt-master
Function: present
Result: True
Comment: The authorized host key salt-master is already present for user root
Changes:
From the output we can see that emacs and screen are installed and the emacs configuration file is copied from salt-master to minion (marconi-pre-web-01).
##Conclusion
In this article, we went over a few primary Salt terms like environments, grains, state files and state layers. We also defined roles and environments for Marconi using grains and matched servers with environments using compound matchers.
In the following article, we will start using pillar data and configure Marconi specific services like MongoDB servers with replica sets and web servers running uWSGI. Until then, if you have questions, you can find me at Twitter or at Google+. Comments on this page are welcome as well.
